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Background: Fatalities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have already crossed to more than 5 million globally so far. Hence, it is crucial for us to identify the risk factors associated with hospital deaths starting from first contact which can help to give timely treatment to the targeted population. Objectives: This retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify various factors related to in-hospital mortality related to COVID-19 in our region. Materials and methods: The present study was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of 675 adult patients, admitted with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection between 1st April and 25th May 2021 in our tertiary care hospital. Baseline demographic profile, comorbidities, clinical characteristics, and investigatory findings were analyzed for increased odds of mortality. Results: A total of 181 (26.8%) patients died and 494 (73.2%) survived. There were 65.4% of males and no difference was found between genders in terms of mortality. Comorbidities associated with in-hospital death in our cohort were age group ?50 years (p<0.001), diabetes (p<0.0007), and renal injury (p<0.0001). More than half of the patients died during the first week of admission. Breathlessness (83%) was the most common symptom in non-survivors. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), S. creatinine, D-dimer, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were increased significantly among the patients who died. Multivariate logistic regression revealed age ?50 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45–3.64] and oxygen (O2) saturation <94% at the time of admission (AOR 2.62, 95% CI 1.75–3.93) were associated with mortality. Conclusion: Overall in-hospital mortality was 26.8%. Higher age and low O2 saturation were the major risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality.
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Introduction: TB is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV positive people. HIV-TB co-infection is a fatal combination with higher death rates in developing countries. In cured TB cases in HIV positive people, chances of recurrent also high. ART prevents the progression of HIV, reduces the chances of another opportunistic infection that could make management of care more complicated, and reduces the chances of TB recurring. Objectives: To document the profile of HIV positive TB patients availing both Anti-Retroviral (ART) and Anti Koch's Treatment (AKT) at a tertiary care hospital. Method: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using available records of 198 HIV positive TB patients enrolled at an ART Centre of South Gujarat from November 2016 to November 2017. Age at enrollment at ART Centre, sex, native place, ART status, CD4 count were recorded along with detection, category, previous history and treatment of TB. Test of significance (t test) was applied to analyze the difference between CD4 count before and after treatment with AKT. Results: Mean age of male (n=123) and female (n=75) patients at the time of HIV detection was mean 37.62 (SD±11.61) years and mean 34.05 (SD±8.85) years respectively. Majority (86.87 %) were migrants from states other than Gujarat, of which 31.31% were from Maharashtra. Among them, 66% patients were on CAT-I AKT and 10.6% had previous history of TB. Among 56.1% patients who had extra-pulmonary TB, common were abdominal TB (47.75%), lymphadenopathy (18.02%) and pleural effusion (16.22%). While 32% of patients had completed their AKT regimen, 68% were on AKT. Among those were missed out (8.6%) and lost to follow up (3.5%) from ART, almost half (41.67%) had been initiated under CAT-II AKT. Mean CD4 count for 84 patients who completed their AKT was increase, this was statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: Majority of patients were migrants and extra pulmonary TB was more common in this study group. Mean CD4 count increased significantly after completion of AKT. Prompt treatment and preventing loss to follow up are key to successful treatment completion and cure.
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Digestion is a process in which food is divided into forms that our body can use in performing various functions. It has large organic molecules like fat, carbohydrate, proteins. It then break downs into smaller parts like glucose,fatty acids and amino Acids. The human body has a complete digestion system from mouth to anus. Digestive enzymes are diverse and found in the saliva secreted by the salivary gland, in the stomach secreted by cells lining the stomach and in the pancreatic juice secreted by pancreatic exocrine cell. But, there is a presence of this much enzyme in the body and most of the people are facing the problem of indigestion and stomach pain due to the eating habits. Irregular timing of eating, fast food consumption and other reasons create the problem of indigestion.
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Flavor enhancers are used to bring out the flavor in a wide range of foods without adding a flavor of their own. Any food product that can be added to food to enhance its taste especially to make it taste more savoury or to add more Umami flavor. Umani taste that is found also in Glutamate. The anti MSG forces counter such information by stating that naturally occuring glutamate is different than added Glutamate is different than added glutamate. Research has demonstrated, However that the two are indeed metabolized identically.
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Mushrooms have been consumed since earliest history. The word Mushroom is derived from the french word for Fungi and Mold. Now-a-days, Mushroom are popular valuable food because they are low in calories, carbohydrate, Fat, sodium and also cholesterol free. Besides this, Mushroom provides important nutrients, including salenium, potassium, riboflavin, niacin, Vitamin D, proteins and fiber. All together with a long history as food source. Mushroom are important for their healing capacity and properties in traditional medicine. It has reported beneficial effects for health and treatment of some disease. Many nutraceutical properties are described in Mushroom like cancer and antitumor attributes. Mushroom act as antibacterial, immune system enhancer and cholesterol lowering Agent. Additionally, they are important source of bio-active compounds.
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Objective: This study is done in respect to develop a milk based product having both the properties of milk and oat beta glucan. The objective of the study is to analyze the stability, texture and overall acceptance of flavored milk with oat beta glucan and to assess the processing parameters in order to increase the stability. Materials & Methods: In this study two methods have been used. First method is one stage processing in which beta-glucan (3%) was added simultaneously with carrageenan and In Second method, oat beta-glucan is not added and chocolate milk is made by carrageenan and the other dry ingredients only. Result is tasted by sensory evaluation, texture properties and viscosity. Results: In both the studies, the mouthfeel and viscosity is better in chocolate FM fortified with oat beta glucan. Conclusion: In this study we use 3% oat beta-glucan for fortification of the chocolate milk. Sensory evaluation is carried out for consumer preference and the texture and viscosity is also measured. chocolate FM with oat beta-glucan has improved mouthfeel, viscosity and fortified with fiber milk. By adding oat beta-glucan we can claim points about Fiber as per FSSAI Guidelines also.
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Foods that affect specific functions or systems in the human body, providing health benefits beyond energy and nutrients, functional foods have experienced rapid market growth in recent years. This growth is stimulated by technological innovations and development of new products. The increasing Number of health-conscious consumers are interested in products that improve life quality. Since the global market of functional foods is increasing annually. Probiotics show considerable promise for the expansion of the dairy industry, especially in such specific sectors as yoghurts (Indian dahi), cheeses, beverages, ice creams, and other desserts. This article presents an overview of functional food and strategies for their development with some attention to probiotic dairy products. The special attention is paid to the sensory of such products to provide important information about the most desirable attributes.
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Curcumin is a phytochemical which is extracted from Turmeric root. It is used as Ayurvedic Medicine. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a yellow pigment present in the turmeric (Curcuma longa) which gives the yellow color to turmeric that has been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial activities. Curcumin, these effects are mediated through the regulation of various transcription factors, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, and other enzymes. Most westerners know turmeric as gold colored Indian spice. Turmeric and curcumin are not the same thing. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property of curcumin is much more potent in an extracted form. In the recent research findings of curcumin that it can also eliminate 3% of cancer stem cells present inside the malignant tumor and remaining 97% of cancer cells undergo gradual cell shrinkage which ultimately leads to cell death. Pharmacologically, curcumin has been found to be safe. Human clinical trials indicated no dose-limiting toxicity when administered at doses up to 10 g/day. All of these studies suggest that curcumin has enormous potential in the prevention and therapy of various diseases.
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Background & objectives: Pulmonary involvement due to leptospirosis carries high case fatality rate and is the commonest cause of death due to leptospirosis. Immune mechanisms play a key role in the pathogenesis of leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage. As other immune pulmonary haemorrhages due to non leptospiral causes are treated with plasma exchange and cyclophosphamide we evaluated their efficacy in patient with leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage. Methods: Of the 602 confirmed patients of leptospirosis, 236 (39.2%) had pulmonary haemorrhage. Of these,144 had mild haemorrhage (acute lung injury score < 2.5) and were included in the study. One hundred and fourteen patients were given two cycles of plasma exchange, 24 h apart, 25 ml/kg body weight of plasma was removed in each cycle. Cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg body weight) was given after the first plasma exchange cycle. The remaining 30 patients were not given this treatment, and used as control. Results: In the control group only 5 (16.6%) patients survived while in the treatment group 70 (61.40%) patients survived. Thrombocytopenia was observed in 111 (77.08%) patients. Renal and hepatic involvement was seen but did not account for mortality. Minor complications were seen in group I patients after plasma exchange and cyclophosphamide treatment, but none were serious. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings showed that plasma exchange with immunosuppression improved survival in patients of pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage due to leptospirosis, suggesting that immune mechanisms play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease.